A Brief Study of Modern Cuba essays

A Brief Study of Modern Cuba papers In this conversation of the Cuban government versus American government, we should initially comprehend what has molded Cuba into what it is today. Expecting that the peruser is proficient regarding the matter of U.S. government, we can continue to investigate Cuba and its childhoods and uprisings. President Carlos Pro Socarras carried Cuba into the mid 1950's. He was toppled by General Fulgencio Batista who set up an autocracy in 1952. The Bautista system managed for a little more than a year. Here now is the presentation of Fidel Castro Ruz, a significant entertainer in molding (and writing) Cuban government into what we see today. Castro and Che Guevara were both implemental in upsetting Cuba. Castro's Revolution began on July 26, 1953, with 160 radicals assaulting a military encampment. Castro had any expectations of starting a famous uprising. Be that as it may, without much of any result, he was captured and condemned to 15 years' detainment. Castro got political pardon in 1955 and was discharged from jail. He was ousted to Mexico where he composed Cuban outcasts into the 26th of July development. In 1956 Guevara and Castro came back to Cuba with 81 26th of July progressives. They were met with hardened opposition from Batista's military and were crashed into the Sierra Maestra Mountains where they refocused and plotted for guerilla fighting against the Batista system. The progressives slid from the Sierra Maestra toward the finish of 1958. With troops abandoning every day and U.S. bolster waning, Batista fled into banish on New Year's Day 1959. The following day Guevara and 600 progressives took Havana. The breakdown of Cuba's tyrant system was provoked by a mix of elements, including its political wrongness, affront for the individuals' authentic desires, and unpredictable utilization of restraint against political dissenters. Batista's fascism had estranged the white collar classes. In this manner, before the finish of the 1950s, the conventional most loved powers... <!

The Debate Over Reparations for Slavery

The Debate Over Reparations for Slavery The impacts of both the transoceanic slave exchange and imperialism keep on resounding today, driving activists, human rights gatherings and the relatives of casualties to request reparations. The discussion over reparations for subjection in the United States dates backâ generations, truth be told, right to the Civil War. At that point, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman suggested that all freedmen ought to get 40 sections of land and a donkey. The thought came after talks with African American themselves. In any case, President Andrew Johnson and the U.S. Congress didn't favor of the arrangement. In the 21st century, very little has changed. The U.S. government and different countries where subjection flourished presently can't seem to remunerate the relatives of individuals in subjugation. All things considered, the call for governments to make a move has as of late become stronger. In September 2016, a United Nations board composed a report that closed African Americans merit reparations for suffering hundreds of years of â€Å"racial terrorism.† Comprised of human rights legal counselors and different specialists, the U.N.’s Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent imparted its discoveries to the U.N. Human Rights Council. â€Å"In specific, the heritage of provincial history, subjugation, racial subjection and isolation, racial psychological warfare and racial disparity in the United States stays a genuine test, as there has been no genuine promise to reparations and to truth and compromise for individuals of African descent,† the report decided. â€Å"Contemporary police killings and the injury that they make are suggestive of the past racial fear of lynching.† The board doesn't have position to administer its discoveries, however its decisions surely offer load to the reparations development. With this audit, show signs of improvement thought of what reparations are, the reason supporters accept they’re neededâ and why adversaries article to them. Figure out how private organizations, for example, schools and enterprises, are taking ownership of their job in servitude, even as the central government stays quiet on the issue. What Are Reparations? At the point when a few people hear the term â€Å"reparations,† they think it implies that relatives of slaves will get an enormous money payout. While reparations can be conveyed as money, that’s scarcely the main structure where they come. The U.N. board said that reparations can add up to â€Å"a formal expression of remorse, wellbeing activities, instructive open doors ... mental restoration, innovation move and monetary help, and obligation cancellation.† The human rights association Redress characterizes reparations as a centuries-in length standard of universal law â€Å"referring to the commitment of a bad behavior gathering to review the harm caused to the harmed party.† as such, the blameworthy party must work to kill the impacts of the bad behavior however much as could reasonably be expected. In doing as such, the gathering plans to reestablish a circumstance to how it likely would have played out had no bad behavior happened. Germany has given compensation to Holocaust casualties, however there’s just no real way to make up for the lives of the 6,000,000 Jews butchering during the slaughter. Review brings up that in 2005, the U.N. General Assembly received the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. These standards fill in as a rule for how reparations can be distributed. One can likewise look to history forâ examples. Despite the fact that the relatives of subjugated African Americans have not gotten reparations, Japanese Americans constrained into internment camps by the central government during World War II have. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 permitted the U.S. government to pay previous internees $20,000. In excess of 82,000 survivors got compensation. President Ronald Reagan officially apologized to the internees also. Individuals who contradict reparations for slave relatives contend that African Americans and Japanese American internees contrast. While genuine overcomers of internment were as yet alive to get compensation, subjugated blacks are most certainly not.  Advocates and Opponents of Reparations The African American people group incorporates the two rivals and advocates of reparations. Ta-Nehisi Coates, a columnist for The Atlantic, has surfaced as one of the main promoters for review for African Americans. In 2014, he composed a convincing contention for reparations that launch him to worldwide fame. Walter Williams, a monetary teacher at George Mason University, is one of the main adversaries of reparations. The two men are dark. Williams contends that reparations are pointless in light of the fact that he battles that African Americans really profited by subjection. Pretty much every dark American’s salary is higher because of being conceived in the United States than any nation in Africa, Williams disclosed to ABC News. Most dark Americans are working class. In any case, this announcement disregards the way that African Americans have higher neediness, joblessness and wellbeing abberations than different gatherings. It likewise ignores that blacks have far less riches on normal than whites, a dissimilarity that has proceeded over ages. Also, Williams overlooks the mental scars left by servitude and prejudice, which specialists have connected to higher paces of hypertension and newborn child mortality for blacks than whites. Reparations advocates contend that change goes past a check. The administration can remunerate African Americans by putting resources into their tutoring, preparing and financial strengthening. In any case, Williams states that the government has just contributed trillions to battle neediness. â€Å"We’ve had a wide range of projects attempting to address the issues of discrimination,† he said. â€Å"America has gone a long way.† Coates, interestingly, contends that reparations are required on the grounds that after the Civil War, African Americans persevered through a second subjugation because of obligation peonage, savage lodging rehearses, Jim Crow and state-endorsed brutality. He additionally refered to an Associated Press examination about how prejudice brought about blacks deliberately losing their property since the before the war time frame. â€Å"The arrangement recorded exactly 406 casualties and 24,000 sections of land of land esteemed at a huge number of dollars,† Coates clarified of the examination. â€Å"The land was taken through methods going from lawful trickery to fear based oppression. ‘Some of the land taken from dark families has become a nation club in Virginia,’ the AP announced, just as ‘oil fields in Mississippi’ and ‘a baseball spring preparing office in Florida.’† Coates likewise called attention to how the individuals who possessed the land dark sharecroppers worked regularly demonstrated corrupt and would not give tenant farmers the cash owed to them. For sure, the government denied African Americans of an opportunity to develop riches by homeownership because of bigot rehearses.  â€Å"Redlining went past FHA-sponsored credits and spread to the whole home loan industry, which was at that point overflowing with prejudice, barring dark individuals from most real methods for acquiring a mortgage,† Coates composed. Most compellingly, Coates takes note of how subjugated blacks and slave masters themselves thought reparations fundamental. He depicts how in 1783, freedwoman Belinda Royall effectively requested of the province of Massachusetts for reparations. What's more, Quakers requested new proselytes to make reparations to slaves, and Thomas Jefferson protã ©gã © Edward Coles conceded his slaves a plot of land in the wake of acquiring them. Additionally, Jefferson’s cousin John Randolph wrote in his will that his more seasoned slaves be liberated and given 10 sections of land of land. The reparations blacks got then could not hope to compare to how much the South, and by extensionâ the United States, benefitted from human dealing. As indicated by Coates, 33% of all white pay in the seven cotton states originated from subjugation. Cotton got one of the country’s top fares, and by 1860, additional tycoons per capita called the Mississippi Valley home than some other area in the country. While Coates is the American most connected with the reparations development today, he positively didn't begin it. In the twentieth century, a mess of Americans upheld reparations. They incorporate veteran Walter R. Vaughan, dark patriot Audley Moore, social liberties dissident James Forman and dark lobbyist Callie House. In 1987, the gathering National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America shaped. Furthermore, since 1989, Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) has over and again presented a bill, HR 40, known as the Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act. However, the bill has never cleared the House, similarly as Harvard Law School Professor Charles J. Ogletree Jr. has not won any of the reparations claims he’s sought after in court. Aetna, Lehman Brothers, J.P. Morgan Chase, FleetBoston Financial and Brown Williamson Tobacco are among the organizations that have been sued for their connections to subjection. In any case, Walter Williams said that enterprises aren’t at fault. â€Å"Do organizations have social responsibility?† Williams asked in a conclusion section. â€Å"Yes. Nobel laureate educator Milton Friedman put it best in 1970 when he said that in a free society ‘there is one and only one social duty of business-to utilize its assets and take part in exercises intended to build its benefits inasmuch as it remains inside the principles of the game, or, in other words, participates in open and free rivalry without double dealing or fraud.’† A few enterprises have an alternate take. How Institutions

Topic Examples For Essay - What Do You Need To Know?

Topic Examples For Essay - What Do You Need To Know?What topics should I use in my topic examples for essay? Well, that depends. It is going to depend on the type of essay you are writing and also on your particular situation.Firstly, if you are just an introvert or a normal person and would like to write a regular essay, then don't use any topics at all. All you need to do is describe what it is like to you. What does life mean to you? If you don't know, then ask yourself what your job means to you. If you don't know anything about yourself, then you may need some friends or acquaintances to find out what you mean to them and what your life is like.Next, when it comes to topics you can use, there are two types of common topics. One is when you have a particular personality which makes it possible for you to express yourself in a specific way and this way is usually described in a great number of essays. If you have this type of personality, then the best thing to do would be to use a story to tell it.The other type of topic that is applicable to everyone is the one where you state the subject and the reader know what the topic is. In order to illustrate this, let's go back to the example from before.The first line of the story, that you tell your readers, is 'One day I was watching the television and heard a sound and then I heard a rustling noise and my mother said my father has gone away and now my brother, who is fifteen years old is not coming home. The rustling noise came from the kitchen.' The last line is the one that you talk about.This is only a minimal guide on how to write a proper introduction. If you have more ideas about topics, you should discuss them with your essay-writing instructor.Any way, when you are about to start your writing, don't think of a specific topic. Think of something for which you have plenty of experience and of which you have read a lot. This is what you should be thinking of when you choose your topic examples for essay.

Definition and Examples of Peer Response in Composition

In composition studies, peer response is a form of collaborative learning in which writers meet (usually in small groups, either face-to-face or online) to respond to one anothers work. Also called peer review and peer feedback.In Steps to Writing Well (2011), Jean Wyrick summarizes the nature and purpose of peer response in an academic setting: By offering reactions, suggestions, and questions (not to mention moral support), your classroom colleagues may become some of your best writing teachers. The pedagogy of student collaboration and peer response has been an established field in composition studies since the late 1970s. See the observations below. Also see: Collaborative WritingAudienceAudience AnalysisAudience Analysis ChecklistFeedbackHolistic GradingImplied AudienceOnline Journals for Composition InstructorsRevisionWriting CenterWriting PortfolioWriting Process Observations The teacherless writing class . . . tries to take you out of darkness and silence. It is a class of seven to twelve people. It meets at least once a week. Everyone reads everyone elses writing. Everyone tries to give each writer a sense of how his words were experienced. The goal is for the writer to come as close as possible to being able to see and experience his own words through seven or more people. Thats all.(Peter Elbow, Writing Without Teachers. Oxford University Press, 1973; rev. ed. 1998)Writing collaboratively has all the characteristics that theorists of cognitive development maintain are essential for the intellectual commitments of adulthood: The experience is personal. The response groups promote intellectual risk-taking within a community of support. They allow students to focus on issues that invite the application of academic knowledge to significant human problems. Thinking and writing are grounded in discussion and debate. Reading and responding to peers writing a sks for interpersonal and personal resolution of multiple frames of reference. In this sense, collaborative writing courses at all levels provide an essential opportunity to practice becoming members of an intellectual, adult community.(Karen I. Spear, Peer Response Groups in Action: Writing Together in Secondary Schools. Boynton/Cook, 1993)Peer Review Guidelines for the ReviewerIf you are the reviewer, remember that the writer has spent a long time on this work and is looking to you for constructive help, not negative comments. . . . In that spirit, offer suggestions about how to revise some of the awkward places, rather than merely listing them. Instead of saying This opener doesnt work! indicate why it doesnt work and offer possible alternatives. . . .It is also important that you try to read the piece from the point of view of the intended audience. Do not try to reformulate a technical report into a novel or vice versa. . . .As you read, make no comments to the author--save the m for later. If you need to ask the writer for clarification of the prose, that is likely a flaw in the writing and needs to be noted for discussion after you have finished reading the entire piece.(Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991)Students gain confidence, perspective, and critical thinking skills from being able to read texts by peers on similar tasks.Students get more feedback on their writing than they could from the teacher alone.Students get feedback from a more diverse audience bringing multiple perspectives.Students receive feedback from nonexpert readers on ways in which their texts are unclear as to ideas and language.Peer review activities build a sense of classroom community.Benefits and Pitfalls of Peer Response[A] number of practical benefits of peer response for L2 [second-language] writers have been suggested by various authors:On the other hand, researchers, teachers, and student writers themselves have identified potential and actual problems with peer response. The most prominent complaints are that student writers do not know what to look for in their peers writing and do not give specific, helpful feedback, that they are either too harsh or too complimentary in making comments, and that peer feedback activities take up too much classroom time (or the corollary complaint that not enough time is allotted by teachers and the students feel rushed).(Dana Ferris, Response to Student Writing: Implications for Second Language Students. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003) Also Known As: peer feedback, peer review, collaboration, peer criticism, peer evaluation, peer critique

Consequences of Cheating in College Examinations - 864 Words

Consequences of cheating in college examinations The transition from high school to college is a tough period and often proves to be quite challenging for students. The process of adjusting and getting accustomed to the different kind of work load pressurizes students. Amidst all this pressure of studies, we come across the common phenomenon of cheating. It is an increasingly common problem which has become an even greater problem due to the increasing technology and ways in which students can end up cheating. The first thing to understand here is why students rely on this act to achieve good grades and what causes them to cheat in the first place. The initial reason that can be associated to this problem is that of the fear of failure which every student dreads. In colleges and universities, failing in a particular course or semester becomes a huge issue and a problem for students when they have to repeat it. The fear of parents getting angry, grounding the children or the other punishments that the student will have to face scares him or her to the extent that they switch to such acts to seek their way out and avoid the situations on the whole. Another very common reason is that of lack of preparation. It is a norm for students to delay things till time runs out and they have a lot to do in a limited time period. Because of this, their grades fall drastically and they end up facing hardships in maintaining their GPAs and grades. Hence, cheating becomes an alternate wayShow MoreRelatedChe ating on College Examinations980 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Course Date Cheating on College Exams Introduction Any form of cheating is a form of dishonesty. It is an act of accomplishing something in an unethical behavior. Cheating is used in any kinds of exams, especially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work whileRead MoreAcademic Cheating Is The Act Of Being Dishonest899 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic Cheating Academic cheating is the act of being dishonest in assignment or examinations at school (McCabe, Donald, Trevino, and Butterfield 2). It shows a lack of academic integrity. In the recent times, academic cheating is becoming more rampant, and this was confirmed by the many numbers of students who have admitted that they do cheat. Academic cheating can be inform of copying from different tests or other student work, getting or giving help during exams, use of crib notes or even gettingRead MoreIs Integrity Ethical And Ethical Standards?986 Words   |  4 Pagesproblematic in the United States higher education system (Qualls, 2017). The primary idea behind academic dishonesty posits that there is a rational comparison of the benefits and costs of cheating. The benefits of cheating can potentially yield higher grades, prestige, and post-graduation rewards. The consequences of cheating cam vary, but are positively related to the likelihood of being caught and the severity of punishment ( Grijalva, 2006). Qualls states that family background and origin can be used asRead MoreAcademic Dishonesty Among High School Students1039 Words   |  5 Pages Academic dishonesty among high school student By: Sukhmanveer kaur sidhu Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise . 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It has been a way for people to get by in society with certain things instead of working hard. It has been a way for people in many educational institutions to get by with hard work. Cheating by definition is an act of dishonesty to gain advantage in examination and to avoid something undesirable by luck or skill. Cheating is very much frowned upon in nearlyRead MoreAcademic Misconduct Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesare many things that’s teenagers get involved in. One of those is time management. Plagiarism is one way us teenagers can get our homework done faster. Since the internet plagiarism has been increasing overtime. We really need to think about the consequences for that. According, to Griffith University (Australia) there are many different kinds of plagiarism. †¢ Presenting a submitting another student’s paper as one’s own. †¢ Paraphrasing an author’s words without proper acknowledgment. †¢ Quoting directlyRead MoreCheating Is A Word?1496 Words   |  6 PagesCheating is a word that no one wants to have attached to their name, because it comes attached with a load of negative stigma. What exactly is the definition of cheating? According to Oxford Dictionaries, the definition of the word â€Å"cheat† is as follows: â€Å"Act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination.† As one can adhere through this definition, when someone cheats they are acting in a dishonest way that deprives others of the truth. 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In contrast, Steven House, a biology professor at Seton Hall University, notes: â€Å"students can call up their notes--in effect, it becomes an open-book exam (Leibowitz). Mark J. Schenker, associate dean of academic affairs at Yale College, argues

A Study on How Macro Environment Affect the Business free essay sample

The budget airline that does not have seat allocation upon check-in would encounter a large group of passenger queuing up even before the boarding time. This is due to Singaporean are not used to the cultural of budget airline. Today, travellers are more open to change and the consumers perceive lesser risk when travelling on budget airline. 4. 3Economic Environment 4. 3. 1Lindgren et al (1995, pg 41) stated economic environment greatly affects both a firm’s marketing activities and consumers’ purchasing decisions. During the recession, holiday makers have become more cautious on what they are spending.Many had chose to go for cheaper fare as they become more price conscious and want to get best value out of it. 4. 3. 2Despite the economic crisis, many holiday makers have turned up at the recent three-day National Association of Travel Agents (NATAS) travel fair to check on the best bargain they could get. However, with the high fuel price, Asians who love to travel will choose to make shorter trips to nearer destination. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on How Macro Environment Affect the Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Travelling on budget carriers that is operating within the region is one of the options to choose from. Consumer spending patterns has change as they are looking into other alternative.With half the price paid for full service carriers, many find they can travel to the same destination on budget airline. Free meals, seat selection are not as important anymore. 4. 3. 3Holiday makers planning trips in advance might be able to benefit if they managed to grab the lowest available rate. The company will consistently run promotions to keep travellers excited and continue to travel with them. Travelling during off-peak season help the airline in maintaining their passenger load. During this economy downturn, many small and middle enterprises are also looking into cutting travelling budgets.Business traveller has been requested to travel on budget airline instead of the usual full service carriers to save cost. 4. 4Political Environment 4. 4. 1Bradley (1995, pg 172) stated development of market is greatly influenced by politics and economics. It consists of law and government rules which affect the efficiency of marketing. 4. 4. 2Singapore is a political stable country, however, in the airline industry this is an important factor as the airline needs to obtain entry to another country to expand its network. The contracts known as Bilateral Air Service Agreements (ASAs) are usually negotiated by the government.Once both parties had reached an agreement, they will sign the ASAs and airline would be able start operation. If both parties were unable to reach an agreement, operating between the countries would not be possible. For example, Jetstar Asia’s hope of gaining the entry into the lucrative Indonesia market was diminished due to an existing protectionism policy in place. This prohibited low-cost carriers of Singapore and Indonesia from adding more flights. (Rochfort, 2005) As a result, Jetstar Asia was unable to operate its aircraft into the four cities where its sister airline Valuair operate to.They can only use Singapore owned Valuair aircraft if they wish to continue the operation between Singapore and Indonesia. 4. 5Technological Environment 4. 5. 1According to Bradley (1995, pg 181) technological environment affects marketing in a number of ways, by speeding up business transactions and making them more efficient, and by providing the basis for standards. Technology changes rapidly, if company do not put in money to continuously upgrade its technology, they could find them missing new product and market opportunities. 4. 5. 2Budget airline depend on online reservation to reduce operation cost.If the website is unable to support its users or transactions, it could frustrate the user if they keep encountering page error or duplicate charge on their credit cards. The new Jetstar. com will be able to deliver improved internet access and the ability to handle more customers and transactions. (traveldailyasia. com, 2009) The system replacement, which took over 12 months in planning, is a step-change in system functionality designed to accommodate Jetstar, Jetstar Asia/Valuair and Jetstar Pacific’s expanding network in Australia and Asia.Surfing on the new Jetstar website, travellers would be able to complete their air ticket and hotel reservation and purchase travel insurance on the same webpage. This could save travellers time on surfing different website to find accommodation and comparison of travel insurance. 5. 0Conclusion The above have clearly examined the macroenvironment and its impact that is affecting today budget airline industry in Singapore.The author believes the budget airline will do significantly better than the full service carries for the next 12 months. Taking a step ahead of others as the current crisis is providing opportunities for budget airlines, including attracting more business travellers. Etzel et al. (2004, pg 31) stated a study of about 1000 large companies concluded organisations having advance technologies to monitor the forces of the external environment exhibited higher growth and greater profitability compared to those that does not have the system. The author believes a change in any one of the forces could cause changes to one or more of the others in the macroenvironment as they are interrelated. Organisation must be able to identify the micro and macro forces that are affecting it business and develop competitive marketing strategies. Armstrong et al. (2006, pg. 89) also stated if the organisation are unable to identify the different environment and its impact on the business, they could view the marketing environment as an uncontrollable element.Rather than simply reacting to it, companies should try to be proactive and take advantage of opportunities as they arise rather than reactive to the marketing environment as it has a major impact on both the determination of and eventual success of marketing strategies. Jetstar Asia is expected to breakeven by 2009. International passenger traffic in the Asia-Pacific region are expected to increase an average of 6. 8 percent a year to 2009, Jetstar Asia should be able to benefit as economic growth in the region boosts demand for travel.

Poem Analysis I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

In his poem, I wondered lonely as a cloud, William Wordsworth applies different elements of poetry to highlight his themes. For instance, he uses symbolism to connect human beings with their immediate environment (nature). A symbol is an object either living or non-living that represents something else in reality; therefore, the reader has to think carefully to unravel the hidden meaning. Wordsworth use of symbolism in his poem reveals his observatory skills and his ability to appreciate the nature around him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The title and the first stanza of the poem highlight the first symbol in the poem. The persona likens himself with a cloud yet naturally, the cloud is a non-living object located many miles away from the earth. The cloud is a symbol, which represents loneliness. Moreover, the cloud is naturally incom patible with the earth surface or human beings but the poet’s close identification with the cloud reveals his loneliness, isolation, and desolation from the world around him. In the second stanza, he compares the distance between the clouds, valleys, and hills, which means he is aware but not happy with his separation from the immediate world. Through the personification of the clouds, the speaker is able to express the extent or impact of his loneliness. Besides being under emotional turmoil, he has nobody to talk to, associate with, or assist him in solving his personal problems, which hurls him into depressed. Just like the clouds, he finds remedy in roaming around, with a sole aim of trying the luck of stumbling upon something to fill up his loneliness. In the fourth line of the first stanza, the persona identifies the daffodils at the lake, which symbolize love/happiness. He calls the daffodils a ‘crowd’, which is a word only used to identify human beings (C ummings Para. 3). The dancing prowess of the daffodils especially the movement of their heads symbolizes the happiness the persona is yearning to experience one day. Although he is lonely and sad, the observation of the flowers puts a smile on his face. Thus, the daffodils (flowers) are a symbol or source of happiness, which is the heart’s desire of the persona. In addition, the speaker observes that the daffodils dance better than the waves, which confirms that when he is happy, he is automatically connected to the world. The high number of daffodils the speaker observes grows naturally and they symbolize the rich environment or soils he lives in; therefore, probably the source of his unhappiness is not economical but maybe social oriented. Additionally, when the speaker is unhappy he only remembers the daffodils to alter his somber mood, the daffodils offer him company; they cheer him up.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The use of natural objects like the stars, plants (flower), the cloud, valley, hills, lakes, and the breeze/waves symbolizes that the nature is the only source of inspiration in the speaker’s life. He derives his emotional nourishment from remembering the beauty and dancing of the flowers. He connects the random arrangement of the flowers to the stars, which cheers him. Wordsworth also proves the realistic side of his work when he uses the natural rather synthetic objects. Moreover, his use of nature may have a hidden meaning whereby he might be calling for the emotional or spiritual malnourished persons to preserve and adapt the nature as the source of happiness in their lives. Therefore, through the connection to the nature, the speaker symbolizes the unity that exists between human beings with the nature. Due to the power of the nature, the speaker strengthens the need of living in a community. When he describes the da ffodils, he associates the flowers with a crowd flourishing in their natural habitat. Thus, the word ‘crowd’ here symbolizes the unity people have to explore in the world in that, the crowd of daffodils takes away his loneliness. For instance in the second stanza he says, â€Å"Ten thousands saw I at glance/† (Wordsworth line 11), which reveals the large number of the daffodils. Similarly, due to their large number, the flowers not only dance well, but also shine. In addition, he also calls the flowers a ‘host’, which means despite being large in number they make him happy. Therefore, Wordsworth poem aims at calling for peace, love, unity, and togetherness in his community because he associates words in collective form with his own happiness. The flower, as a symbol, represents the people in his community who are not only supposed to live together, but also to stay happily or in harmony with each other. In summary, symbolism is an element of writing especially in poetry. Symbols have hidden meanings, which need the reader to unravel intelligently. Wordsworth uses natural objects to express the theme of nature. He uses the natural objects like flowers to both inspire him and promote unity in the society. The distance between the clouds and the earth is large yet the persona identifies with the cloud, therefore his identification symbolizes the retraction or loneliness between him and the surrounding people. Finally, the author uses symbols to promote peace and togetherness in his society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Cummings, Michael. I wandered lonely as a cloud: A study guide, 2008. Web. https://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides3/IWandered.html Wordsworth, Williams. â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.† Poemhunter, 2002. Web. https://www.poemhunter.com/poems / This essay on Poem Analysis: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud was written and submitted by user Destiny Odonnell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century

Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century Introduction Between the colonization of Taiwan in 1895, and the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, Taiwan has transformed economically in a major way. The financial crisis in Asia was caused by the shortage of foreign exchange, underdeveloped financial sectors, the role and use of IMF funds, and the effects of this crisis on the rest of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Taiwan, the dollar was being forced downward as a result of this crisis; this forced the government to sell its foreign exchange reserves. This reaction caused the stunted economic growth and more problems in the financial and banking sectors. The economy of Taiwan gradually transformed from an agrarian based economy when they were under the Japanese empire to industrialization, and later into information technology. Taiwan followed USA and Japa n closely in the innovation of information technology products. Several structural changes took place in the three successive regimes (nationalist, authoritarian and democratic) such as sector composition and ownership pattern. The Taiwan state has been involved in rigorous activities towards economic modernization. The state has focused on agricultural development, which has helped Taiwan to have excesses in taxes. The Taiwan regime (KMT) allowed experts to establish industrialization strategies. Industrialization has been of great help to Taiwan by shaping the industrial structure and encouraging investment. Thus, the challenge of globalization and Asian financial crisis did not affect Taiwan. The transformation of Taiwan economy has taken place in different phases such as, the era of colonization between 1895 and 1941 and its effect on economic development, the effect of regime changes on the economy and the effect of democratization, globalization and Asian financial crisis on t he economic development of Taiwan (Tun-jen 20).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Colonization Development Western countries had colonies in Asia such as Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia; However, Japan was main colonial power in Asia. In success and wealth, Korea and Taiwan are among the leaders in Asia and the World. These two countries were both colonized by Japan, and they share unique qualities as colonies of Japan. Korea and Taiwan have developed quickly in economic growth and democratization more than other countries in Asia. The Japan colonies had different experiences as compared to the Western colonies; furthermore the legacies left the countries with different states of democracy. Taiwan was Japan’s first colony, and its colonization was as a result of Japan’s need of economic prosperity and income from Taiwan. The introduction of industrialization by the J apanese helped coax the economy of Taiwan. In the first colonial decade, the Japanese undertook projects such as improvement of transportation which led to economic development. They also carried out analysis and review of land registers, and this led to an increase in tax revenue collection, property rights were made clear and made land transactions easier (Tun-Jen 21). In the second decade, the Japanese introduced sporadic analysis and review of population, land and natural resources. This helped improve the labour supply and management system. In the third and fourth decades, the Japanese installed irrigation and power plants which improved agricultural productivity and industrialization. Education and sanitation was improved by the Japanese colonial power in Taiwan. The level of literacy in Taiwan improved tremendously between 1905 and 1935. Financial institutions and agricultural parastatals were founded to improve agricultural production and trade. Introduction of banks and co -operatives into the rural areas transformed the economic structure of Taiwan. The Japanese concentrated on agricultural expansion and improvement of farming technology with an aim of promoting the agrarian economy. Agricultural production increased tremendously in Taiwan making it a base for production of both agricultural and industrial goods. Sugar and rice were the major exports from Taiwan to Japan, and fertilizer and textile were imported from Japan (Tun-Jen 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Japanese practiced taxation and tenant ownership of sugar plantation in the rural areas of Taiwan. This led to transformation of economy in the rural areas of Taiwan. Industrial development improved rapidly in the rural areas as a result of the use of new technology on the sugar and rice plantations. The Japanese also allowe d the Taiwanese to form corporations without any interference from the Japanese. The colonial power improved education and encouraged small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) because they thought it was means to transforming Taiwanese primitive economy into modern, functional economy. Heavy investment in industry and infrastructure by the Japanese led to socio-economic development in Taiwan (Tun-Jen 24). Regime Transition and ISI Taiwan had a longer colonial period than Korea, and it was not disrupted by external powers or civil war after decolonization. KMT Regime received political power from the former empire. Japanese intellectuals who were left behind helped the Taiwan state to strengthen trade and investment projects. With the developments of the colonial power in place, the KMT regime had it easy because they had to restore the industry and infrastructure. The legacy they had inherited was destroyed during the civil war immediately after take over from Japan (Tun-Jen 24). Th e KMT regime had inherited 94 heavy industries and 484 light industries. These heavy industries were immediately transformed into state enterprises, and the light industries were sold off in an auction. This helped in creating wealth for the state, thus improving the economy. The economy improved as a result of either gold shipment from the mainland into Taiwan or financial aid from America. This point has not been clearly established yet, because American aid was given at a high interest rate. Technocrats coming in from countries such as Japan helped in formulating land reforms, restoring rural infrastructure and increasing agricultural productivity (Tun-Jen 25).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new government needed more civil servants for their institutions such as schools and hospitals. Besides the labour expenses, the government had to incur defense expenses caused by KMT’s taking of the mainland. The KMT regime received foreign aid, which helped the state to redistribute land reforms and give property rights to land tillers (Tun-Jen 25). Rice and sugar became the main export items in Taiwan with some being used in the internal market and some for the export market. This was done so as to stabilize prices and earn the state foreign exchange. The government used extraction of agricultural surplus to pay wages and use incentive to promote industries. The government started exporting goods from the light industries, and this helped improve the economy of Taiwan. During this time market direction, ownership and industrial composition became transformed hence, improving the economy. Market opportunities were recognized by technocrats who encouraged people to ventu re into industrial entrepreneurship. Import substitution industrialization (ISI) promoted the production of consumer goods that were not durable into the domestic market. This led to the slow growth of economic development and subsequently led to unemployment. After persuasion from Chinese and American economist, the KMT regime decided to change the direction of the Taiwan economy by changing some policies. Some of the changes were evaluating the exchange rate, devaluing the currency and promoting export trade and investment of the private sector. Therefore, the government increased industrial export; employed laborers made foreign earning the main source of capital for the economy (Tun-Jen 26). The government used short-term export financing, tax incentives, import duty rebates and FDI (foreign direct investment) to promote exporting industries. It also set a development fund in 1973 with the aim of assisting investors and industries. The state put in place tariff protection and im port restriction policies to implement structures for high-end chemical products. The government also increased lending to SMEs and agricultural sectors had access to loan facilities (Tun-Jen 31). In 1970’s, the industrial sector was not improving; thus the technocrats advised the government to upgrade the industrial production. Through state financial institutions, the government offered industries long-term loans to assist in the advancement process. However, this policy did not work well in the automotive industries, but there were better results in industrial tools industries and computer sector. The gaps between savings and investment and between export income and import demands were filled by foreign aid. Aid assisted in the improvement of food and textile industries in Taiwan at the same time it helped set up plastics, glass and cement industries. Development of the private sector was facilitated by the availability of American aid and other factors. Since the regime c oncentrated on heavy industry, the light industry was developed by the private sector (Tun-Jen 28). Liberalization, democratization and Asia’s Financial Crisis In the 1980’s the Taiwanese economy was under pressure of liberalization as a result of its undervalued currency and the pile up of its foreign reserve which was affecting the local stock exchange and real estate markets. Therefore, the government was forced to allow the Taiwanese dollar to appreciate about 35% against the US dollar and remove some restriction in its foreign exchange policy. At this time, tariffs were lowered and non-tariff barriers removed. However, democratization forces slowed down liberalization as some political forces blocked tariff reduction (Tun-Jen 34). The various changes facing the Taiwan industries from all angles such as import competition, FDI inflow and export pressure caused the government to make radical changes. Local entrepreneurs started making direct investment in foreign co untries as a strategy to increase development. The local markets underwent transformation as a result of de-regulation and democratization. Monopolies faced political democratization; hence the government de-regulated the organizations. As a result, foreign corporations were licensed to form domestic business groups and joint ventures domestically. Taiwan’s GDP and employment rate improved, the country became a capital exporter and SMEs became multinationals. Conclusion With the economic transformation and structural changes the government has in place its policies for management of the economy. The state endeavors to provide promising industries manpower, technological support and support traditional industries in designing their products. The government policies helped Taiwan to withstand the Asian financial crisis. The government uses economic incentives and technological support to encourage industrialization. SMEs have been the basic means to development in Taiwan. Taiwa n has chosen a simple approach to foreign capital which has helped it stand the test of time (Tun-Jen 39). Work Cited Tun-jen, Cheng. Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century. The China Quarterly 165 (2001): 19-36 pp. 27 Mar. 2012 https://www.jstor.org/.

Chebyshev’s Theorem and the Empirical Rule

A bell curve is perfectly symmetrical with respect to a vertical line through its peak and is sometimes called a Gauss curve or a normal curve. The second shape a scatter diagram may have is anything but a normal curve as in the next drawing: We can do a lot of good statistics with the normal curve, but virtually none with any other curve. Let us assume that we have recorded the 1000 ages and computed the mean and standard deviation of these ages. Assuming the mean age came out as 40 years and the standard deviation as 6 years we can do the following predictions. Chebyshev’s Theorem In the case of a scatter diagram that seems to be anything but a normal curve, all we can go by is Chebyshev’s theorem. This very important but rarely used theorem states that in those cases where we have a non-normal distribution, the following can be said abut the individual data, which in this case are the ages: †¢ At least 75% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 75% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 28 to 52 years. †¢ At least 88. 9% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 88. 9% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 22 to 58 years. †¢ At least 93. 75% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 93. 75% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 16 to 64 years. †¢ At least 96% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 96% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 10 to 70 years. At least 97. 2% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 97. 2% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 4 to 76 years. How can we calculate these percentages? To calculate the 75%, the 88. 9%, the 93. 75%, etc, we look at the number of standard deviations in the respective intervals. The 75% goes together with me an  ± 1 standard deviation, the 88. 9% with mean  ± 2 standard deviations, the 93. 75% with mean  ± 3 standard deviations, and the 96% with mean  ± 4 standard deviations. In general you can say that the percentage of people with an age in the range of mean  ± k standard deviations can be found by calculating the value of the quantity [pic] and then converting that into a percentage. Summarizing the above we get the following table: |Interval |k |[pic] |% | |[pic] |2 |[pic] |75 | |[pic] |3 |[pic] |88. 9 | |[pic] |4 |[pic] |93. 75 | |[pic] |5 |[pic] |96 | [pic] |6 |[pic] |97. 2 | Do we have to restrict ourselves to whole numbers as values for k? No, we may take any value for k as long as it larger than 1. For instance, for k = 2. 5 we get the result that [pic] in the interval [pic] years Example 1: Students Who Care is a student volunteer program in which college students donate work time in community centers for homeless people. Professor Gill is the faculty sponsor for this student volunteer program. For several years Dr. Gill has kept a record of the total number of work hours volunteered by s student in the program each semester. For students in the program, for each semester the mean number of hours was 29. 1 hours with a standard deviation of 1. 7 hours. Find an interval for the number of hours volunteered in which at least 88. 9% of the students in this program would fit. Solution: From the table above we see that a percentage of 88. 9 will coincide with an interval of [pic] hours. This can be rewritten as an interval from 24 to 34. 2 hours volunteered each semester. Example 2: The East Coast Independent News periodically runs ads in its own classified section offering a month’s free subscription to those who respond. This way management can get a sense about the number of subscribers who read the classified section each day. Careful records have been kept over a period of 2 years. The mean number of responses was 525 with a standard deviation of 30. What is the smallest percentage of responses in the interval between 375 and 675? Solution: The difference between the mean of 525 and the upper limit of this interval is 150. This is 5 standard deviations since[pic]. The same is true for the difference between the mean and the lower limit of this interval. According to the table above this coincides with 96%. The Empirical Rule When the data values seem to have a normal distribution, or approximately so, we can use a much easier theorem than Chebyshev’s. The empirical rule states that in cases where the distribution is normal, the following statements are true: †¢ Approximately 68% of the data values will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean. †¢ Approximately 95% of the data values will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean. Approximately 99. 7% of the data values will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean. Example 3: The average salary for graduates entering the actuarial field is $60,000. If the salaries are normally distributed with a standard deviation of $5000, then what percentage of the graduates will have a salary between $50,000 and $70,000? Solution: Both $50,000 and $70,000 are $10,000 away from the mean of $60,000. This is two standard deviations away from the mean, so 95% of the graduates will have a salary in this interval. [pic] Age No of people [pic]

Highlight problems and issues trade union face in the UK and recommend Essay

Highlight problems and issues trade union face in the UK and recommend practical solutionsto solve them - Essay Example Failure to come on an agreement on the negotiations made, the trade unions are entitled to strike. Capitalism is a form of governance where, the land, labor and other factors of production are privately owned states Clarke (1978). Trade unions can be defined from this perspective as the representatives of the employees’ terms of employment to employers and government from a given policy which is based on the person who privately owns the union. The trade unions here are not government controlled but privately controlled. Trade union from a radical perspective can be defines as the representation of employees from the industrial and commercial sectors only. These are the unions that only focus on the two business sectors but they are not necessarily privately owned. Marxism emphasises on the workers’ rights to enjoy the fruits of their labor. It thus defines trade unions as organs which represent work towards ceasing employees’ harassment at work place and ensuring they enjoy the benefits and results that come from their work. Lionel (1968) states that in the UK, most unions belong to the Trades Union Congress, which represents many unions, and hence has more power over issues effecting workers nationally. Therefore trade unions act as a voice for the employees and often take on the role of challenging and updating contracts and conditions for members and also protect the members from harassment and employment related legal issues. Rosen (1969) states the main sources of power of the trade unions as the government, employers, and employees. These are the key sources of trade unions as they are the determinants of the representatives in the trade unions and the legal issues that it should abide to. Stewart (1986) argues that if a union does not have a good collective bargaining style, then it will lose its members who are the employees. On the other hand, the employers and the

Business Activities, Employment and Inflation Term Paper

Business Activities, Employment and Inflation - Term Paper Example If the injections of an economy (J) are not equal to the withdrawals (W), then there is a clear disequilibrium in the economy. The only factors that bring this equilibrium back into line is the change in the national income (GDP) and the levels of employments (Sloman and Sutcliffe). To understand the above figure better, lets consider that the economy is faced with a state of equilibrium, i.e. the levels of withdrawals and the level of injections is the same. If there is an increase in the injections, and the firms aim at investing more into the company, then the aggregate demand, i.e. Cd will also be higher. Hence to meet up with this demand, the firms will also need to increase the labor and other resources which would in turn lead to higher levels of incomes for the households (Y) (Sloman and Sutcliffe). With an increase in the income of the households, there will be an increase in the expenses as well, which in turn will lead the firms to also sell higher. Higher sales will mean the firms need to produce higher which again would mean more labor, and other resources (Mankiw). This is a multiplied affect that will continue to go on within the economy. This effect is referred to as, ‘Multiplier Effect’ and is defined as, ‘an initial increase in aggregate demand of $Xm leads to an eventual rise in national income that is greater than $Xm’ (Sloman and Sutcliffe). This follows the principle of ‘Cumulative Causation’, which can be defined as, ‘An initial event can cause an ultimate effect which is much larger’ (Sloman and Sutcliffe).

Public Policy Problems In The Environment :: essays research papers

Public policy is defined by Webster’s as the â€Å"The basic policy or set of policies forming the foundation of public laws, especially such policy not yet formally enunciated.† The United States Government has many policies in the area of the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970 to help identify environmental problems in our nation, and to set policy on how to deal with those problems. Yet, with so much money spent by the government to deal with problems with the environment, it must be noted that problems still exist, even within the bureaucracy that was meant to help in the first place. During the presidential campaign of the last election, an issue arose concerning the â€Å"energy crisis† that was driving gasoline and oil prices up throughout our country. Vice President Al Gore supported President Clinton’s ideology of waiting for the proper legislative initiatives to pass through Congress, and when the situation merited, provide some limited releases of oil from the national oil reserve. Candidate George W. Bush, on the other had, favored drilling in the government protected lands of Alaska to find future oil reserves so that America would no longer be so dependent on foreign oil. The problem with Bush’s plan, according to Gore, was that this could be devastating to the environment of the scarcely populated Alaskan wilderness. Regardless of the political, legal or moral implications of such drilling, there are problems dealing with multiple types of rationality in this issue. In his book â€Å"Reason in Society,† Paul Diesing describes six major types of rationality. These include technical, economic, social, legal, political and ecological rational. It is easy to comprehend that this environmental issue involves each one of these types of rationality. First of all, the technical rationality is demonstrated through the question of whether or not oil can be found in Alaska, and if it could, would there be enough present to really make a dramatic difference for the consumer? It must also be considered as to how this drilling may effect the environment of this area. Technical rationality also questions whether or not there are ways to drill that can possibly leave the natural resources of this area with as little human interference as possible. Engineers and scientists can try to come up with ways to create a process with which the area will not be devastated by the involvement with man in those areas.

Describe and Compare the Two Forms of Cubism

According to the Tate Gallery’s exposition (1979) Cubism has remained the most important and influential movement of the 20th century, notwithstanding the movement’s short duration. According to Read (1994) the major period for Cubism was from 1907 to 1914, with Picasso and Braque as the main originators of the movement. The rationale for the Tate’s statement is given as â€Å"the artists associated with [Cubism] took some of the most decisive steps towards abstraction†, and this extreme development â€Å"has become the archetype of later revolutionary movements† (p. 84). The movement, according to Read, was the first abstract style of the 20th century, and named by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles, who took up a remark by Matisse about â€Å"Braque’s little cubes† (p. 100). One source (artlex. com) cites Vauxcelles as saying: â€Å"M. Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and houses, to geometric schemas and cubes. † One of the most innovative developments is that the creators of Cubism sought to replace a single viewpoint and light source, normal within the western art world since the Renaissance, with a much more complete representation of any object, combining many ‘aspects’. Initially colours were temporarily abandoned and shapes were simplified and flattened. Space was furthermore rendered by means of oblique lines and overlapping forms (The Tate Gallery, 1979). According to Belton (2002, p. 109) Picasso and Braque both struggled with the problem of representing three dimensional objects and figures in the two dimensional medium of painting; â€Å"their solution was to create an abstract form that could display two or more sides of an object simultaneously†. Whilst Picasso’s Demoiselles d’Avignon is generally viewed as the first Cubist painting, Read (1994) argues that the painting might be more usefully viewed as ‘pre-Cubist’, or ‘proto-Cubist’, as it was so heavily influenced by Iberian or African art. Cezanne’s later work is often viewed as the catalyst for the development of Cubism, and Read cites Cezanne’s advice to Bernard â€Å"to deal with nature by means of the cylinder, the sphere and the cone† (p. 100). Cezanne, by trusting his eyes and attempting to express natural, binocular vision, allowed for the ‘truth’ of the shifted viewpoint (Moszynska, 1990). Cubism gives the artist a way of depicting the world in a way that goes beyond what can be seen, and attempts to deal with the energies of objects. According to Read (1994) Cubism could be categorized into various divisions, including ‘analytic’, ‘hermetic’ and ‘synthetic’. This essay will mainly concentrate in the analytic and synthetic forms of Cubism. The term ‘hermetic’ refers to the largely or wholly indecipherable way of representing an object in the flatter type of abstraction, as typical of both Braque’s and Picasso’s later way of working. In this phase the allover pattern became more important. Other sources (including artlex. com) refer to ‘analytic’ cubism as ‘facet’ cubism. Analytical and Synthetic Cubism acquired their names through the comments by art historian Einstein, and in effect are retrospective labels. Einstein wrote that the â€Å"simplistic distortions† employed by Picasso, as typified by his portrait of Gertrude Stein, led to â€Å"a period of analysis and fragmentation and finally to a period of synthesis† (as cited in Foster, Krauss, Bois and Buchloh, 2004, p. 106). The analytical phase of Cubism, as developed by Braque and Picasso, was characterised by a number of different features, starting with the contraction of the painters’ palettes, away from the full colour spectrum to rather monochrome selections, which Foster et al. term ‘abstemious’. The second characteristic is the extreme flattening of the visual space, â€Å"as though a roller had pressed all the volume out of the bodies† (ibid. , p. 106). The third characteristic identified by Foster et al. is the visual vocabulary used to describe â€Å"the physical remains of this explosive process† (p. 06). Foster et al. illustrate these features with Picasso’s portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910) and Bracque’s painting The Portuguese (The Emigrant, 1911-12). The grey or tonal scale, the traditional tool of representing volume, is used very differently by the Cubists. Kahnweiler, the art dealer who exhibited both Braque and Picasso’s work, identified the â€Å"bringing about the unity of the pictorial object† as the exclusive concern of Cubism (Foster et al. , 2004, p. 107). Kahnweiler’s view as upheld by Greenberg, who saw Analytical Cubism as the fusion between two types of flatness: the â€Å"depicted flatness†, shoving the fragmented objects closer to the surface, and the â€Å"literal flatness† of that surface (ibid. , p. 109). Foster and his colleagues however question this: they note a number of differences between the evident intentions of Braque and Picasso in relation to the flat plane, with Picasso, being more ‘tactile’, more focused on exploring the possibilities of using Cubism for sculpture, and Braque more concerned with transparency. Steinberg too, urged against the blurring of Picasso and Braque’s pictures. The two exponents of Cubism saw themselves as being ‘roped together’ like mountaineers in their exploration of this new way of working, with the ebullient Spaniard referring to Braque as his ‘wife’. However, Braque was loyal to ‘passage’, the practice of visual slippage between adjacent elements, whereas Picasso, according to Foster et al. , had an â€Å"overwhelming concern with a vestigial kind of depth† (ibid, p. 109). Picasso seemed more focused on making depth tactile, as Foster et al. demonstrate with showing Picasso’s central plunging depth in Houses on the hill: Horta de Ebro (1909). They go on to argue that Braque is more concerned with the ‘diaphanous’ quality of Cubism, with the loss of traditional notions of figure and ground The Tate Gallery (1979, p. 85) presents Braque’s Clarinet and a Bottle of Rum on a Mantelpiece (1911) as a crucial point in Cubism, â€Å"when the breaking down of objects had been carried to a point very close to complete abstraction†. After this point Braque and Picasso started to introduce areas of wood-graining, the use of collage, and a re-introduction of colour, thereby representing objects in a more recognisable, but also more symbolic way. According to Gersh-Nesic (n. d. ) Synthetic Cubism integrates â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† art (art made by an artist combined with art made for commercial purposes, such as packaging), and according to some can be considered the first Pop Art. Even before 1912 Braque and Picasso had introduced stenciled lettering into their paintings. These stencils were not fine art, they were used for packaging and pub signs. The stencils draw attention to the surface of the canvas, since the uniform letters appear independent of what's painted underneath them. Two technical innovations exemplify new development in Cubism: papier colle and collage. Papier colle involves sticking coloured paper onto the canvas and was invented by Braque. Collage was developed by Picasso, and involved sticking all sorts of materials, such as leather, newspaper, material and rope, onto the surface. Sticking different materials, such as woodgrain, onto the surface of the painting playfully confused what was real and what was an illusion (Tate, n. d. ). New, provocative questions are raised with the use of collage, namely: what is more realistic, to perfectly simulate the look of a newspaper in oil paint, or to stick actual newspaper onto the canvas? (Tate, n. d. ). Wadley (1970, p. 13) holds that â€Å"technically and conceptually† Synthetic Cubism was â€Å"a denial of the European tradition†, in that the surface was now the furthest point from the spectator, not the nearest. Artists working in a synthetic way started with the terms of painting, and from them composed an image which they could justly claim was more real, â€Å"since it in no sense distorted or imitated something else† (ibid. p. 14). Gris, who was the clearest formulator of cubist theory, stated: I work with the elements of the intellect, with the imagination. I try to make concrete that which is abstract. I proceed from the general to the particular, by which I mean that I start with an abstraction in order to arrive at a true fact. Mine is an art of synthesis, of deduction. (ibid. , p. 129) Gris was called a ‘demon of logic’ by Apollinaire. Indeed, his way of working and thinking was different from his Cubist colleagues. According to Wadley the integration in Gris’ work is tighter than in comparable Picassos or Braques. Gris used collage only in his paintings, and its effect is always to strengthen the rigid division of the surface. [ ]There is no hint of Picasso’s ragged edges and random encounters, nor of Braque’s simple elements floating in a spacious arena. The total effect is of tight concentration. (Wadley, 1970, p. 82) Gris’ meticulous style is evident in how he has painstakingly arranged the letters in ‘Le Matin’ in Man in the Cafe, to correspond with the diagonal columns and echo the horizontal line elow (ibid). Foster et al. (2004) make a ‘semiotic’ reading of Picasso’s use of material in his Violin (1912): the ‘twin’ pieces of newsprint paper represent on the one hand the frontal, opaque (wood of the violin), as well as the transparent, amorphous ‘ground’ (background colour). They go on to claim that a similar visual play of meaning is evident in Picasso’s Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass and Newspaper (1913), where a piece of wallpaper is used to represent the liquid in the glass, the rim of the glass, and the ground of the table-cloth. The cut out piece used for the liquid (looking like a chef’s top hat) represents transparency, whilst the ‘negative shape’ left by the incision represents the solid stem of the glass. The viewer might be left with the question whether the ever playful Picasso was just enjoying a visual pun, or whether he intended any of this to be read as ‘signs’. The artist himself stated: â€Å"Mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry, psycho-analysis, music and whatnot, have been related to cubism to give it an easier interpretation. All this has been pure literature, not to say nonsense, which brought bad results, blinding people with theories. (Wadley, 1970, p. 128) During its lifetime both Analytical and Synthetic Cubism encompassed and influenced many artists – the most notable of these being Leger, the three Duchamp/Villon brothers, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Gleizes and Metzinger (who published a book on Cubism). For some of these artists Cubism functioned as a transition, although Picasso would hold that â€Å"Cubism is neither a seed, nor a foetus, but an art dealing primarily with forms, and when a form is realized it is there to live its own life† (Wadley, p. 28). It led artists like Piet Mondrian to what he saw as its logical end, complete abstraction. Cubism may have been short-lived as a movement, but it continues to influence contemporary art to this day. Collage, for instance, has become a widely practiced form of art. And in terms of form, the practice of reducing everything to the ‘cylinder, the sphere and the cone’ was brought to mind on viewing some of Manolo Valdes’ work, in an exhibition in The Hague this summer.

Plato s View On Advantage And Justice - 1212 Words

Plato in book 1 is not himself, he is potrayed by another character since plato is the author of book 1. The word Advantage throughout book 1 to demonstrate how justice can be an advantage for some and a disadvantage for others. According to Plato this is what Justice symbolizes, therefore this statement mentioned above is fully justified. To further support this claim, this paper will focus on the following supporting evidence. Firstly, how Plato’s character uses the word advantage to solidify his opinions on what justice should be and secondly, how Plato’s character view on advantage and justice differs from Socrates opinion. As stated before, Plato’s character emphasizes the word advantage to solidify his opinions on what justice†¦show more content†¦The people with this superior power only focus on what will benefit them, individuals in this society are led to believe that the ones who have gained this sort of power care about the weak when in fact, it’s the complete opposite .The weak are seen as cattle ,only meant to feed the strong. . The ones that rule will always find a way to make themselves look better by using anything and everything to their advantage. Plato’s character elaborates that concept in this quote , â€Å"And each ruling group sets down laws for its own advantage(†¦) in every city the same thing is just , the advantage of the established ruling body. It surely is master; so the man who reason rightly concludes that everywhere justice is the same thing, the advantage of the stronger†(339a). As stated before, this quote explains ho w the few that rule make laws that only help them gain over people who are not able to obtain the same power. Limiting their influences, needs and wants in that society . According to Plato’s character , this is fully justified since the rule makers have worked their way to be where they are in society making their decision just. Previously mentioned in the paragraph above, Plato’s character and Socartes views on justice and advantage differ .To demonstrate this statement throughout the pages (18-34) there is numerous evidence for such a claim. Socrates stated that, â€Å"I said a moment ago that no one willingly chooses to rule and get mixedShow MoreRelatedJustice Is An Important Part Of Our Social And Justice System967 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most important concept studied in class was justice. This is an important concept for me because it is something that we see everyday within our political and justice system. 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