Definition and Examples of Peer Response in Composition

In composition studies, peer response is a form of collaborative learning in which writers meet (usually in small groups, either face-to-face or online) to respond to one anothers work. Also called peer review and peer feedback.In Steps to Writing Well (2011), Jean Wyrick summarizes the nature and purpose of peer response in an academic setting: By offering reactions, suggestions, and questions (not to mention moral support), your classroom colleagues may become some of your best writing teachers. The pedagogy of student collaboration and peer response has been an established field in composition studies since the late 1970s. See the observations below. Also see: Collaborative WritingAudienceAudience AnalysisAudience Analysis ChecklistFeedbackHolistic GradingImplied AudienceOnline Journals for Composition InstructorsRevisionWriting CenterWriting PortfolioWriting Process Observations The teacherless writing class . . . tries to take you out of darkness and silence. It is a class of seven to twelve people. It meets at least once a week. Everyone reads everyone elses writing. Everyone tries to give each writer a sense of how his words were experienced. The goal is for the writer to come as close as possible to being able to see and experience his own words through seven or more people. Thats all.(Peter Elbow, Writing Without Teachers. Oxford University Press, 1973; rev. ed. 1998)Writing collaboratively has all the characteristics that theorists of cognitive development maintain are essential for the intellectual commitments of adulthood: The experience is personal. The response groups promote intellectual risk-taking within a community of support. They allow students to focus on issues that invite the application of academic knowledge to significant human problems. Thinking and writing are grounded in discussion and debate. Reading and responding to peers writing a sks for interpersonal and personal resolution of multiple frames of reference. In this sense, collaborative writing courses at all levels provide an essential opportunity to practice becoming members of an intellectual, adult community.(Karen I. Spear, Peer Response Groups in Action: Writing Together in Secondary Schools. Boynton/Cook, 1993)Peer Review Guidelines for the ReviewerIf you are the reviewer, remember that the writer has spent a long time on this work and is looking to you for constructive help, not negative comments. . . . In that spirit, offer suggestions about how to revise some of the awkward places, rather than merely listing them. Instead of saying This opener doesnt work! indicate why it doesnt work and offer possible alternatives. . . .It is also important that you try to read the piece from the point of view of the intended audience. Do not try to reformulate a technical report into a novel or vice versa. . . .As you read, make no comments to the author--save the m for later. If you need to ask the writer for clarification of the prose, that is likely a flaw in the writing and needs to be noted for discussion after you have finished reading the entire piece.(Kristin R. Woolever, About Writing: A Rhetoric for Advanced Writers. Wadsworth, 1991)Students gain confidence, perspective, and critical thinking skills from being able to read texts by peers on similar tasks.Students get more feedback on their writing than they could from the teacher alone.Students get feedback from a more diverse audience bringing multiple perspectives.Students receive feedback from nonexpert readers on ways in which their texts are unclear as to ideas and language.Peer review activities build a sense of classroom community.Benefits and Pitfalls of Peer Response[A] number of practical benefits of peer response for L2 [second-language] writers have been suggested by various authors:On the other hand, researchers, teachers, and student writers themselves have identified potential and actual problems with peer response. The most prominent complaints are that student writers do not know what to look for in their peers writing and do not give specific, helpful feedback, that they are either too harsh or too complimentary in making comments, and that peer feedback activities take up too much classroom time (or the corollary complaint that not enough time is allotted by teachers and the students feel rushed).(Dana Ferris, Response to Student Writing: Implications for Second Language Students. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003) Also Known As: peer feedback, peer review, collaboration, peer criticism, peer evaluation, peer critique

Consequences of Cheating in College Examinations - 864 Words

Consequences of cheating in college examinations The transition from high school to college is a tough period and often proves to be quite challenging for students. The process of adjusting and getting accustomed to the different kind of work load pressurizes students. Amidst all this pressure of studies, we come across the common phenomenon of cheating. It is an increasingly common problem which has become an even greater problem due to the increasing technology and ways in which students can end up cheating. The first thing to understand here is why students rely on this act to achieve good grades and what causes them to cheat in the first place. The initial reason that can be associated to this problem is that of the fear of failure which every student dreads. In colleges and universities, failing in a particular course or semester becomes a huge issue and a problem for students when they have to repeat it. The fear of parents getting angry, grounding the children or the other punishments that the student will have to face scares him or her to the extent that they switch to such acts to seek their way out and avoid the situations on the whole. Another very common reason is that of lack of preparation. It is a norm for students to delay things till time runs out and they have a lot to do in a limited time period. Because of this, their grades fall drastically and they end up facing hardships in maintaining their GPAs and grades. Hence, cheating becomes an alternate wayShow MoreRelatedChe ating on College Examinations980 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Course Date Cheating on College Exams Introduction Any form of cheating is a form of dishonesty. It is an act of accomplishing something in an unethical behavior. Cheating is used in any kinds of exams, especially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work whileRead MoreAcademic Cheating Is The Act Of Being Dishonest899 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic Cheating Academic cheating is the act of being dishonest in assignment or examinations at school (McCabe, Donald, Trevino, and Butterfield 2). It shows a lack of academic integrity. In the recent times, academic cheating is becoming more rampant, and this was confirmed by the many numbers of students who have admitted that they do cheat. Academic cheating can be inform of copying from different tests or other student work, getting or giving help during exams, use of crib notes or even gettingRead MoreIs Integrity Ethical And Ethical Standards?986 Words   |  4 Pagesproblematic in the United States higher education system (Qualls, 2017). The primary idea behind academic dishonesty posits that there is a rational comparison of the benefits and costs of cheating. The benefits of cheating can potentially yield higher grades, prestige, and post-graduation rewards. The consequences of cheating cam vary, but are positively related to the likelihood of being caught and the severity of punishment ( Grijalva, 2006). Qualls states that family background and origin can be used asRead MoreAcademic Dishonesty Among High School Students1039 Words   |  5 Pages Academic dishonesty among high school student By: Sukhmanveer kaur sidhu Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise . It consist of any deliberate attempt to falsify,fabricate or otherwise to tamper with data, information , records, or any other material that is relevant to students participation in any course, laboratory, or otherRead MoreCheating Is Not A New Conversation1057 Words   |  5 PagesCheating is not a new conversation when it comes to sports. There are several forms of cheating such as shaving points, using performance enhancement drugs, or sports betting. The formal definition of cheating is to â€Å"act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination,† (Merriam-Webster dictionary). When it comes to college sports, it is easy for a player to be persuaded to shave a few points for money. A typical question asked about sports is what happensRead MoreCheating Has Been Prominent Forever966 Words   |  4 PagesCheat ing has been prominent forever. Scandals related to cheating are in the news most of the time. Especially from prestigious institutions. It has been a way for people to get by in society with certain things instead of working hard. It has been a way for people in many educational institutions to get by with hard work. Cheating by definition is an act of dishonesty to gain advantage in examination and to avoid something undesirable by luck or skill. Cheating is very much frowned upon in nearlyRead MoreAcademic Misconduct Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesare many things that’s teenagers get involved in. One of those is time management. Plagiarism is one way us teenagers can get our homework done faster. Since the internet plagiarism has been increasing overtime. We really need to think about the consequences for that. According, to Griffith University (Australia) there are many different kinds of plagiarism. †¢ Presenting a submitting another student’s paper as one’s own. †¢ Paraphrasing an author’s words without proper acknowledgment. †¢ Quoting directlyRead MoreCheating Is A Word?1496 Words   |  6 PagesCheating is a word that no one wants to have attached to their name, because it comes attached with a load of negative stigma. What exactly is the definition of cheating? According to Oxford Dictionaries, the definition of the word â€Å"cheat† is as follows: â€Å"Act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination.† As one can adhere through this definition, when someone cheats they are acting in a dishonest way that deprives others of the truth. There are manyRead MoreEnrichment For Academic Integrity : It Is An Epidemic That Has Spread Across Academia1208 Words   |  5 Pagesacademic integrity standards including the policies at Monroe Community College (MCC). Monroe Community College defines Plagiarism as, â€Å"offering the work of someone else as one’s own. The language or ideas thus taken from another person or source may range from isolated formulas, sentences, or paragraphs, speeches, or the writings of other students† (Monroecc.edu). The purpose of this paper is to reveal how Monroe Community College deals with the issue of academic integrity and offer additional solutionsRead MoreDigital Exams On The Rise Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageselectronic examination. According to a study conducted by the University of Edinburgh, when â€Å"students were asked about their preferences and approaches to writing essays, both for assignments and in examinations, 86% said they would prefer to type it† (Mogey 8). In contrast, Steven House, a biology professor at Seton Hall University, notes: â€Å"students can call up their notes--in effect, it becomes an open-book exam (Leibowitz). Mark J. Schenker, associate dean of academic affairs at Yale College, argues

A Study on How Macro Environment Affect the Business free essay sample

The budget airline that does not have seat allocation upon check-in would encounter a large group of passenger queuing up even before the boarding time. This is due to Singaporean are not used to the cultural of budget airline. Today, travellers are more open to change and the consumers perceive lesser risk when travelling on budget airline. 4. 3Economic Environment 4. 3. 1Lindgren et al (1995, pg 41) stated economic environment greatly affects both a firm’s marketing activities and consumers’ purchasing decisions. During the recession, holiday makers have become more cautious on what they are spending.Many had chose to go for cheaper fare as they become more price conscious and want to get best value out of it. 4. 3. 2Despite the economic crisis, many holiday makers have turned up at the recent three-day National Association of Travel Agents (NATAS) travel fair to check on the best bargain they could get. However, with the high fuel price, Asians who love to travel will choose to make shorter trips to nearer destination. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on How Macro Environment Affect the Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Travelling on budget carriers that is operating within the region is one of the options to choose from. Consumer spending patterns has change as they are looking into other alternative.With half the price paid for full service carriers, many find they can travel to the same destination on budget airline. Free meals, seat selection are not as important anymore. 4. 3. 3Holiday makers planning trips in advance might be able to benefit if they managed to grab the lowest available rate. The company will consistently run promotions to keep travellers excited and continue to travel with them. Travelling during off-peak season help the airline in maintaining their passenger load. During this economy downturn, many small and middle enterprises are also looking into cutting travelling budgets.Business traveller has been requested to travel on budget airline instead of the usual full service carriers to save cost. 4. 4Political Environment 4. 4. 1Bradley (1995, pg 172) stated development of market is greatly influenced by politics and economics. It consists of law and government rules which affect the efficiency of marketing. 4. 4. 2Singapore is a political stable country, however, in the airline industry this is an important factor as the airline needs to obtain entry to another country to expand its network. The contracts known as Bilateral Air Service Agreements (ASAs) are usually negotiated by the government.Once both parties had reached an agreement, they will sign the ASAs and airline would be able start operation. If both parties were unable to reach an agreement, operating between the countries would not be possible. For example, Jetstar Asia’s hope of gaining the entry into the lucrative Indonesia market was diminished due to an existing protectionism policy in place. This prohibited low-cost carriers of Singapore and Indonesia from adding more flights. (Rochfort, 2005) As a result, Jetstar Asia was unable to operate its aircraft into the four cities where its sister airline Valuair operate to.They can only use Singapore owned Valuair aircraft if they wish to continue the operation between Singapore and Indonesia. 4. 5Technological Environment 4. 5. 1According to Bradley (1995, pg 181) technological environment affects marketing in a number of ways, by speeding up business transactions and making them more efficient, and by providing the basis for standards. Technology changes rapidly, if company do not put in money to continuously upgrade its technology, they could find them missing new product and market opportunities. 4. 5. 2Budget airline depend on online reservation to reduce operation cost.If the website is unable to support its users or transactions, it could frustrate the user if they keep encountering page error or duplicate charge on their credit cards. The new Jetstar. com will be able to deliver improved internet access and the ability to handle more customers and transactions. (traveldailyasia. com, 2009) The system replacement, which took over 12 months in planning, is a step-change in system functionality designed to accommodate Jetstar, Jetstar Asia/Valuair and Jetstar Pacific’s expanding network in Australia and Asia.Surfing on the new Jetstar website, travellers would be able to complete their air ticket and hotel reservation and purchase travel insurance on the same webpage. This could save travellers time on surfing different website to find accommodation and comparison of travel insurance. 5. 0Conclusion The above have clearly examined the macroenvironment and its impact that is affecting today budget airline industry in Singapore.The author believes the budget airline will do significantly better than the full service carries for the next 12 months. Taking a step ahead of others as the current crisis is providing opportunities for budget airlines, including attracting more business travellers. Etzel et al. (2004, pg 31) stated a study of about 1000 large companies concluded organisations having advance technologies to monitor the forces of the external environment exhibited higher growth and greater profitability compared to those that does not have the system. The author believes a change in any one of the forces could cause changes to one or more of the others in the macroenvironment as they are interrelated. Organisation must be able to identify the micro and macro forces that are affecting it business and develop competitive marketing strategies. Armstrong et al. (2006, pg. 89) also stated if the organisation are unable to identify the different environment and its impact on the business, they could view the marketing environment as an uncontrollable element.Rather than simply reacting to it, companies should try to be proactive and take advantage of opportunities as they arise rather than reactive to the marketing environment as it has a major impact on both the determination of and eventual success of marketing strategies. Jetstar Asia is expected to breakeven by 2009. International passenger traffic in the Asia-Pacific region are expected to increase an average of 6. 8 percent a year to 2009, Jetstar Asia should be able to benefit as economic growth in the region boosts demand for travel.