Consequences of Cheating in College Examinations - 864 Words

Consequences of cheating in college examinations The transition from high school to college is a tough period and often proves to be quite challenging for students. The process of adjusting and getting accustomed to the different kind of work load pressurizes students. Amidst all this pressure of studies, we come across the common phenomenon of cheating. It is an increasingly common problem which has become an even greater problem due to the increasing technology and ways in which students can end up cheating. The first thing to understand here is why students rely on this act to achieve good grades and what causes them to cheat in the first place. The initial reason that can be associated to this problem is that of the fear of failure which every student dreads. In colleges and universities, failing in a particular course or semester becomes a huge issue and a problem for students when they have to repeat it. The fear of parents getting angry, grounding the children or the other punishments that the student will have to face scares him or her to the extent that they switch to such acts to seek their way out and avoid the situations on the whole. Another very common reason is that of lack of preparation. It is a norm for students to delay things till time runs out and they have a lot to do in a limited time period. Because of this, their grades fall drastically and they end up facing hardships in maintaining their GPAs and grades. Hence, cheating becomes an alternate wayShow MoreRelatedChe ating on College Examinations980 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Course Date Cheating on College Exams Introduction Any form of cheating is a form of dishonesty. It is an act of accomplishing something in an unethical behavior. Cheating is used in any kinds of exams, especially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work whileRead MoreAcademic Cheating Is The Act Of Being Dishonest899 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic Cheating Academic cheating is the act of being dishonest in assignment or examinations at school (McCabe, Donald, Trevino, and Butterfield 2). It shows a lack of academic integrity. In the recent times, academic cheating is becoming more rampant, and this was confirmed by the many numbers of students who have admitted that they do cheat. Academic cheating can be inform of copying from different tests or other student work, getting or giving help during exams, use of crib notes or even gettingRead MoreIs Integrity Ethical And Ethical Standards?986 Words   |  4 Pagesproblematic in the United States higher education system (Qualls, 2017). The primary idea behind academic dishonesty posits that there is a rational comparison of the benefits and costs of cheating. The benefits of cheating can potentially yield higher grades, prestige, and post-graduation rewards. The consequences of cheating cam vary, but are positively related to the likelihood of being caught and the severity of punishment ( Grijalva, 2006). Qualls states that family background and origin can be used asRead MoreAcademic Dishonesty Among High School Students1039 Words   |  5 Pages Academic dishonesty among high school student By: Sukhmanveer kaur sidhu Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise . It consist of any deliberate attempt to falsify,fabricate or otherwise to tamper with data, information , records, or any other material that is relevant to students participation in any course, laboratory, or otherRead MoreCheating Is Not A New Conversation1057 Words   |  5 PagesCheating is not a new conversation when it comes to sports. There are several forms of cheating such as shaving points, using performance enhancement drugs, or sports betting. The formal definition of cheating is to â€Å"act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination,† (Merriam-Webster dictionary). When it comes to college sports, it is easy for a player to be persuaded to shave a few points for money. A typical question asked about sports is what happensRead MoreCheating Has Been Prominent Forever966 Words   |  4 PagesCheat ing has been prominent forever. Scandals related to cheating are in the news most of the time. Especially from prestigious institutions. It has been a way for people to get by in society with certain things instead of working hard. It has been a way for people in many educational institutions to get by with hard work. Cheating by definition is an act of dishonesty to gain advantage in examination and to avoid something undesirable by luck or skill. Cheating is very much frowned upon in nearlyRead MoreAcademic Misconduct Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesare many things that’s teenagers get involved in. One of those is time management. Plagiarism is one way us teenagers can get our homework done faster. Since the internet plagiarism has been increasing overtime. We really need to think about the consequences for that. According, to Griffith University (Australia) there are many different kinds of plagiarism. †¢ Presenting a submitting another student’s paper as one’s own. †¢ Paraphrasing an author’s words without proper acknowledgment. †¢ Quoting directlyRead MoreCheating Is A Word?1496 Words   |  6 PagesCheating is a word that no one wants to have attached to their name, because it comes attached with a load of negative stigma. What exactly is the definition of cheating? According to Oxford Dictionaries, the definition of the word â€Å"cheat† is as follows: â€Å"Act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination.† As one can adhere through this definition, when someone cheats they are acting in a dishonest way that deprives others of the truth. There are manyRead MoreEnrichment For Academic Integrity : It Is An Epidemic That Has Spread Across Academia1208 Words   |  5 Pagesacademic integrity standards including the policies at Monroe Community College (MCC). Monroe Community College defines Plagiarism as, â€Å"offering the work of someone else as one’s own. The language or ideas thus taken from another person or source may range from isolated formulas, sentences, or paragraphs, speeches, or the writings of other students† (Monroecc.edu). The purpose of this paper is to reveal how Monroe Community College deals with the issue of academic integrity and offer additional solutionsRead MoreDigital Exams On The Rise Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageselectronic examination. According to a study conducted by the University of Edinburgh, when â€Å"students were asked about their preferences and approaches to writing essays, both for assignments and in examinations, 86% said they would prefer to type it† (Mogey 8). In contrast, Steven House, a biology professor at Seton Hall University, notes: â€Å"students can call up their notes--in effect, it becomes an open-book exam (Leibowitz). Mark J. Schenker, associate dean of academic affairs at Yale College, argues

A Study on How Macro Environment Affect the Business free essay sample

The budget airline that does not have seat allocation upon check-in would encounter a large group of passenger queuing up even before the boarding time. This is due to Singaporean are not used to the cultural of budget airline. Today, travellers are more open to change and the consumers perceive lesser risk when travelling on budget airline. 4. 3Economic Environment 4. 3. 1Lindgren et al (1995, pg 41) stated economic environment greatly affects both a firm’s marketing activities and consumers’ purchasing decisions. During the recession, holiday makers have become more cautious on what they are spending.Many had chose to go for cheaper fare as they become more price conscious and want to get best value out of it. 4. 3. 2Despite the economic crisis, many holiday makers have turned up at the recent three-day National Association of Travel Agents (NATAS) travel fair to check on the best bargain they could get. However, with the high fuel price, Asians who love to travel will choose to make shorter trips to nearer destination. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on How Macro Environment Affect the Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Travelling on budget carriers that is operating within the region is one of the options to choose from. Consumer spending patterns has change as they are looking into other alternative.With half the price paid for full service carriers, many find they can travel to the same destination on budget airline. Free meals, seat selection are not as important anymore. 4. 3. 3Holiday makers planning trips in advance might be able to benefit if they managed to grab the lowest available rate. The company will consistently run promotions to keep travellers excited and continue to travel with them. Travelling during off-peak season help the airline in maintaining their passenger load. During this economy downturn, many small and middle enterprises are also looking into cutting travelling budgets.Business traveller has been requested to travel on budget airline instead of the usual full service carriers to save cost. 4. 4Political Environment 4. 4. 1Bradley (1995, pg 172) stated development of market is greatly influenced by politics and economics. It consists of law and government rules which affect the efficiency of marketing. 4. 4. 2Singapore is a political stable country, however, in the airline industry this is an important factor as the airline needs to obtain entry to another country to expand its network. The contracts known as Bilateral Air Service Agreements (ASAs) are usually negotiated by the government.Once both parties had reached an agreement, they will sign the ASAs and airline would be able start operation. If both parties were unable to reach an agreement, operating between the countries would not be possible. For example, Jetstar Asia’s hope of gaining the entry into the lucrative Indonesia market was diminished due to an existing protectionism policy in place. This prohibited low-cost carriers of Singapore and Indonesia from adding more flights. (Rochfort, 2005) As a result, Jetstar Asia was unable to operate its aircraft into the four cities where its sister airline Valuair operate to.They can only use Singapore owned Valuair aircraft if they wish to continue the operation between Singapore and Indonesia. 4. 5Technological Environment 4. 5. 1According to Bradley (1995, pg 181) technological environment affects marketing in a number of ways, by speeding up business transactions and making them more efficient, and by providing the basis for standards. Technology changes rapidly, if company do not put in money to continuously upgrade its technology, they could find them missing new product and market opportunities. 4. 5. 2Budget airline depend on online reservation to reduce operation cost.If the website is unable to support its users or transactions, it could frustrate the user if they keep encountering page error or duplicate charge on their credit cards. The new Jetstar. com will be able to deliver improved internet access and the ability to handle more customers and transactions. (traveldailyasia. com, 2009) The system replacement, which took over 12 months in planning, is a step-change in system functionality designed to accommodate Jetstar, Jetstar Asia/Valuair and Jetstar Pacific’s expanding network in Australia and Asia.Surfing on the new Jetstar website, travellers would be able to complete their air ticket and hotel reservation and purchase travel insurance on the same webpage. This could save travellers time on surfing different website to find accommodation and comparison of travel insurance. 5. 0Conclusion The above have clearly examined the macroenvironment and its impact that is affecting today budget airline industry in Singapore.The author believes the budget airline will do significantly better than the full service carries for the next 12 months. Taking a step ahead of others as the current crisis is providing opportunities for budget airlines, including attracting more business travellers. Etzel et al. (2004, pg 31) stated a study of about 1000 large companies concluded organisations having advance technologies to monitor the forces of the external environment exhibited higher growth and greater profitability compared to those that does not have the system. The author believes a change in any one of the forces could cause changes to one or more of the others in the macroenvironment as they are interrelated. Organisation must be able to identify the micro and macro forces that are affecting it business and develop competitive marketing strategies. Armstrong et al. (2006, pg. 89) also stated if the organisation are unable to identify the different environment and its impact on the business, they could view the marketing environment as an uncontrollable element.Rather than simply reacting to it, companies should try to be proactive and take advantage of opportunities as they arise rather than reactive to the marketing environment as it has a major impact on both the determination of and eventual success of marketing strategies. Jetstar Asia is expected to breakeven by 2009. International passenger traffic in the Asia-Pacific region are expected to increase an average of 6. 8 percent a year to 2009, Jetstar Asia should be able to benefit as economic growth in the region boosts demand for travel.

Poem Analysis I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

In his poem, I wondered lonely as a cloud, William Wordsworth applies different elements of poetry to highlight his themes. For instance, he uses symbolism to connect human beings with their immediate environment (nature). A symbol is an object either living or non-living that represents something else in reality; therefore, the reader has to think carefully to unravel the hidden meaning. Wordsworth use of symbolism in his poem reveals his observatory skills and his ability to appreciate the nature around him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The title and the first stanza of the poem highlight the first symbol in the poem. The persona likens himself with a cloud yet naturally, the cloud is a non-living object located many miles away from the earth. The cloud is a symbol, which represents loneliness. Moreover, the cloud is naturally incom patible with the earth surface or human beings but the poet’s close identification with the cloud reveals his loneliness, isolation, and desolation from the world around him. In the second stanza, he compares the distance between the clouds, valleys, and hills, which means he is aware but not happy with his separation from the immediate world. Through the personification of the clouds, the speaker is able to express the extent or impact of his loneliness. Besides being under emotional turmoil, he has nobody to talk to, associate with, or assist him in solving his personal problems, which hurls him into depressed. Just like the clouds, he finds remedy in roaming around, with a sole aim of trying the luck of stumbling upon something to fill up his loneliness. In the fourth line of the first stanza, the persona identifies the daffodils at the lake, which symbolize love/happiness. He calls the daffodils a ‘crowd’, which is a word only used to identify human beings (C ummings Para. 3). The dancing prowess of the daffodils especially the movement of their heads symbolizes the happiness the persona is yearning to experience one day. Although he is lonely and sad, the observation of the flowers puts a smile on his face. Thus, the daffodils (flowers) are a symbol or source of happiness, which is the heart’s desire of the persona. In addition, the speaker observes that the daffodils dance better than the waves, which confirms that when he is happy, he is automatically connected to the world. The high number of daffodils the speaker observes grows naturally and they symbolize the rich environment or soils he lives in; therefore, probably the source of his unhappiness is not economical but maybe social oriented. Additionally, when the speaker is unhappy he only remembers the daffodils to alter his somber mood, the daffodils offer him company; they cheer him up.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The use of natural objects like the stars, plants (flower), the cloud, valley, hills, lakes, and the breeze/waves symbolizes that the nature is the only source of inspiration in the speaker’s life. He derives his emotional nourishment from remembering the beauty and dancing of the flowers. He connects the random arrangement of the flowers to the stars, which cheers him. Wordsworth also proves the realistic side of his work when he uses the natural rather synthetic objects. Moreover, his use of nature may have a hidden meaning whereby he might be calling for the emotional or spiritual malnourished persons to preserve and adapt the nature as the source of happiness in their lives. Therefore, through the connection to the nature, the speaker symbolizes the unity that exists between human beings with the nature. Due to the power of the nature, the speaker strengthens the need of living in a community. When he describes the da ffodils, he associates the flowers with a crowd flourishing in their natural habitat. Thus, the word ‘crowd’ here symbolizes the unity people have to explore in the world in that, the crowd of daffodils takes away his loneliness. For instance in the second stanza he says, â€Å"Ten thousands saw I at glance/† (Wordsworth line 11), which reveals the large number of the daffodils. Similarly, due to their large number, the flowers not only dance well, but also shine. In addition, he also calls the flowers a ‘host’, which means despite being large in number they make him happy. Therefore, Wordsworth poem aims at calling for peace, love, unity, and togetherness in his community because he associates words in collective form with his own happiness. The flower, as a symbol, represents the people in his community who are not only supposed to live together, but also to stay happily or in harmony with each other. In summary, symbolism is an element of writing especially in poetry. Symbols have hidden meanings, which need the reader to unravel intelligently. Wordsworth uses natural objects to express the theme of nature. He uses the natural objects like flowers to both inspire him and promote unity in the society. The distance between the clouds and the earth is large yet the persona identifies with the cloud, therefore his identification symbolizes the retraction or loneliness between him and the surrounding people. Finally, the author uses symbols to promote peace and togetherness in his society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poem Analysis: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Cummings, Michael. I wandered lonely as a cloud: A study guide, 2008. Web. https://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides3/IWandered.html Wordsworth, Williams. â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.† Poemhunter, 2002. Web. https://www.poemhunter.com/poems / This essay on Poem Analysis: I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud was written and submitted by user Destiny Odonnell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century

Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century Introduction Between the colonization of Taiwan in 1895, and the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, Taiwan has transformed economically in a major way. The financial crisis in Asia was caused by the shortage of foreign exchange, underdeveloped financial sectors, the role and use of IMF funds, and the effects of this crisis on the rest of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Taiwan, the dollar was being forced downward as a result of this crisis; this forced the government to sell its foreign exchange reserves. This reaction caused the stunted economic growth and more problems in the financial and banking sectors. The economy of Taiwan gradually transformed from an agrarian based economy when they were under the Japanese empire to industrialization, and later into information technology. Taiwan followed USA and Japa n closely in the innovation of information technology products. Several structural changes took place in the three successive regimes (nationalist, authoritarian and democratic) such as sector composition and ownership pattern. The Taiwan state has been involved in rigorous activities towards economic modernization. The state has focused on agricultural development, which has helped Taiwan to have excesses in taxes. The Taiwan regime (KMT) allowed experts to establish industrialization strategies. Industrialization has been of great help to Taiwan by shaping the industrial structure and encouraging investment. Thus, the challenge of globalization and Asian financial crisis did not affect Taiwan. The transformation of Taiwan economy has taken place in different phases such as, the era of colonization between 1895 and 1941 and its effect on economic development, the effect of regime changes on the economy and the effect of democratization, globalization and Asian financial crisis on t he economic development of Taiwan (Tun-jen 20).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Colonization Development Western countries had colonies in Asia such as Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia; However, Japan was main colonial power in Asia. In success and wealth, Korea and Taiwan are among the leaders in Asia and the World. These two countries were both colonized by Japan, and they share unique qualities as colonies of Japan. Korea and Taiwan have developed quickly in economic growth and democratization more than other countries in Asia. The Japan colonies had different experiences as compared to the Western colonies; furthermore the legacies left the countries with different states of democracy. Taiwan was Japan’s first colony, and its colonization was as a result of Japan’s need of economic prosperity and income from Taiwan. The introduction of industrialization by the J apanese helped coax the economy of Taiwan. In the first colonial decade, the Japanese undertook projects such as improvement of transportation which led to economic development. They also carried out analysis and review of land registers, and this led to an increase in tax revenue collection, property rights were made clear and made land transactions easier (Tun-Jen 21). In the second decade, the Japanese introduced sporadic analysis and review of population, land and natural resources. This helped improve the labour supply and management system. In the third and fourth decades, the Japanese installed irrigation and power plants which improved agricultural productivity and industrialization. Education and sanitation was improved by the Japanese colonial power in Taiwan. The level of literacy in Taiwan improved tremendously between 1905 and 1935. Financial institutions and agricultural parastatals were founded to improve agricultural production and trade. Introduction of banks and co -operatives into the rural areas transformed the economic structure of Taiwan. The Japanese concentrated on agricultural expansion and improvement of farming technology with an aim of promoting the agrarian economy. Agricultural production increased tremendously in Taiwan making it a base for production of both agricultural and industrial goods. Sugar and rice were the major exports from Taiwan to Japan, and fertilizer and textile were imported from Japan (Tun-Jen 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Japanese practiced taxation and tenant ownership of sugar plantation in the rural areas of Taiwan. This led to transformation of economy in the rural areas of Taiwan. Industrial development improved rapidly in the rural areas as a result of the use of new technology on the sugar and rice plantations. The Japanese also allowe d the Taiwanese to form corporations without any interference from the Japanese. The colonial power improved education and encouraged small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) because they thought it was means to transforming Taiwanese primitive economy into modern, functional economy. Heavy investment in industry and infrastructure by the Japanese led to socio-economic development in Taiwan (Tun-Jen 24). Regime Transition and ISI Taiwan had a longer colonial period than Korea, and it was not disrupted by external powers or civil war after decolonization. KMT Regime received political power from the former empire. Japanese intellectuals who were left behind helped the Taiwan state to strengthen trade and investment projects. With the developments of the colonial power in place, the KMT regime had it easy because they had to restore the industry and infrastructure. The legacy they had inherited was destroyed during the civil war immediately after take over from Japan (Tun-Jen 24). Th e KMT regime had inherited 94 heavy industries and 484 light industries. These heavy industries were immediately transformed into state enterprises, and the light industries were sold off in an auction. This helped in creating wealth for the state, thus improving the economy. The economy improved as a result of either gold shipment from the mainland into Taiwan or financial aid from America. This point has not been clearly established yet, because American aid was given at a high interest rate. Technocrats coming in from countries such as Japan helped in formulating land reforms, restoring rural infrastructure and increasing agricultural productivity (Tun-Jen 25).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new government needed more civil servants for their institutions such as schools and hospitals. Besides the labour expenses, the government had to incur defense expenses caused by KMT’s taking of the mainland. The KMT regime received foreign aid, which helped the state to redistribute land reforms and give property rights to land tillers (Tun-Jen 25). Rice and sugar became the main export items in Taiwan with some being used in the internal market and some for the export market. This was done so as to stabilize prices and earn the state foreign exchange. The government used extraction of agricultural surplus to pay wages and use incentive to promote industries. The government started exporting goods from the light industries, and this helped improve the economy of Taiwan. During this time market direction, ownership and industrial composition became transformed hence, improving the economy. Market opportunities were recognized by technocrats who encouraged people to ventu re into industrial entrepreneurship. Import substitution industrialization (ISI) promoted the production of consumer goods that were not durable into the domestic market. This led to the slow growth of economic development and subsequently led to unemployment. After persuasion from Chinese and American economist, the KMT regime decided to change the direction of the Taiwan economy by changing some policies. Some of the changes were evaluating the exchange rate, devaluing the currency and promoting export trade and investment of the private sector. Therefore, the government increased industrial export; employed laborers made foreign earning the main source of capital for the economy (Tun-Jen 26). The government used short-term export financing, tax incentives, import duty rebates and FDI (foreign direct investment) to promote exporting industries. It also set a development fund in 1973 with the aim of assisting investors and industries. The state put in place tariff protection and im port restriction policies to implement structures for high-end chemical products. The government also increased lending to SMEs and agricultural sectors had access to loan facilities (Tun-Jen 31). In 1970’s, the industrial sector was not improving; thus the technocrats advised the government to upgrade the industrial production. Through state financial institutions, the government offered industries long-term loans to assist in the advancement process. However, this policy did not work well in the automotive industries, but there were better results in industrial tools industries and computer sector. The gaps between savings and investment and between export income and import demands were filled by foreign aid. Aid assisted in the improvement of food and textile industries in Taiwan at the same time it helped set up plastics, glass and cement industries. Development of the private sector was facilitated by the availability of American aid and other factors. Since the regime c oncentrated on heavy industry, the light industry was developed by the private sector (Tun-Jen 28). Liberalization, democratization and Asia’s Financial Crisis In the 1980’s the Taiwanese economy was under pressure of liberalization as a result of its undervalued currency and the pile up of its foreign reserve which was affecting the local stock exchange and real estate markets. Therefore, the government was forced to allow the Taiwanese dollar to appreciate about 35% against the US dollar and remove some restriction in its foreign exchange policy. At this time, tariffs were lowered and non-tariff barriers removed. However, democratization forces slowed down liberalization as some political forces blocked tariff reduction (Tun-Jen 34). The various changes facing the Taiwan industries from all angles such as import competition, FDI inflow and export pressure caused the government to make radical changes. Local entrepreneurs started making direct investment in foreign co untries as a strategy to increase development. The local markets underwent transformation as a result of de-regulation and democratization. Monopolies faced political democratization; hence the government de-regulated the organizations. As a result, foreign corporations were licensed to form domestic business groups and joint ventures domestically. Taiwan’s GDP and employment rate improved, the country became a capital exporter and SMEs became multinationals. Conclusion With the economic transformation and structural changes the government has in place its policies for management of the economy. The state endeavors to provide promising industries manpower, technological support and support traditional industries in designing their products. The government policies helped Taiwan to withstand the Asian financial crisis. The government uses economic incentives and technological support to encourage industrialization. SMEs have been the basic means to development in Taiwan. Taiwa n has chosen a simple approach to foreign capital which has helped it stand the test of time (Tun-Jen 39). Work Cited Tun-jen, Cheng. Transforming Taiwans Economic Structure in the 20th Century. The China Quarterly 165 (2001): 19-36 pp. 27 Mar. 2012 https://www.jstor.org/.

Chebyshev’s Theorem and the Empirical Rule

A bell curve is perfectly symmetrical with respect to a vertical line through its peak and is sometimes called a Gauss curve or a normal curve. The second shape a scatter diagram may have is anything but a normal curve as in the next drawing: We can do a lot of good statistics with the normal curve, but virtually none with any other curve. Let us assume that we have recorded the 1000 ages and computed the mean and standard deviation of these ages. Assuming the mean age came out as 40 years and the standard deviation as 6 years we can do the following predictions. Chebyshev’s Theorem In the case of a scatter diagram that seems to be anything but a normal curve, all we can go by is Chebyshev’s theorem. This very important but rarely used theorem states that in those cases where we have a non-normal distribution, the following can be said abut the individual data, which in this case are the ages: †¢ At least 75% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 75% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 28 to 52 years. †¢ At least 88. 9% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 88. 9% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 22 to 58 years. †¢ At least 93. 75% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 93. 75% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 16 to 64 years. †¢ At least 96% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 96% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 10 to 70 years. At least 97. 2% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 97. 2% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 4 to 76 years. How can we calculate these percentages? To calculate the 75%, the 88. 9%, the 93. 75%, etc, we look at the number of standard deviations in the respective intervals. The 75% goes together with me an  ± 1 standard deviation, the 88. 9% with mean  ± 2 standard deviations, the 93. 75% with mean  ± 3 standard deviations, and the 96% with mean  ± 4 standard deviations. In general you can say that the percentage of people with an age in the range of mean  ± k standard deviations can be found by calculating the value of the quantity [pic] and then converting that into a percentage. Summarizing the above we get the following table: |Interval |k |[pic] |% | |[pic] |2 |[pic] |75 | |[pic] |3 |[pic] |88. 9 | |[pic] |4 |[pic] |93. 75 | |[pic] |5 |[pic] |96 | [pic] |6 |[pic] |97. 2 | Do we have to restrict ourselves to whole numbers as values for k? No, we may take any value for k as long as it larger than 1. For instance, for k = 2. 5 we get the result that [pic] in the interval [pic] years Example 1: Students Who Care is a student volunteer program in which college students donate work time in community centers for homeless people. Professor Gill is the faculty sponsor for this student volunteer program. For several years Dr. Gill has kept a record of the total number of work hours volunteered by s student in the program each semester. For students in the program, for each semester the mean number of hours was 29. 1 hours with a standard deviation of 1. 7 hours. Find an interval for the number of hours volunteered in which at least 88. 9% of the students in this program would fit. Solution: From the table above we see that a percentage of 88. 9 will coincide with an interval of [pic] hours. This can be rewritten as an interval from 24 to 34. 2 hours volunteered each semester. Example 2: The East Coast Independent News periodically runs ads in its own classified section offering a month’s free subscription to those who respond. This way management can get a sense about the number of subscribers who read the classified section each day. Careful records have been kept over a period of 2 years. The mean number of responses was 525 with a standard deviation of 30. What is the smallest percentage of responses in the interval between 375 and 675? Solution: The difference between the mean of 525 and the upper limit of this interval is 150. This is 5 standard deviations since[pic]. The same is true for the difference between the mean and the lower limit of this interval. According to the table above this coincides with 96%. The Empirical Rule When the data values seem to have a normal distribution, or approximately so, we can use a much easier theorem than Chebyshev’s. The empirical rule states that in cases where the distribution is normal, the following statements are true: †¢ Approximately 68% of the data values will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean. †¢ Approximately 95% of the data values will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean. Approximately 99. 7% of the data values will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean. Example 3: The average salary for graduates entering the actuarial field is $60,000. If the salaries are normally distributed with a standard deviation of $5000, then what percentage of the graduates will have a salary between $50,000 and $70,000? Solution: Both $50,000 and $70,000 are $10,000 away from the mean of $60,000. This is two standard deviations away from the mean, so 95% of the graduates will have a salary in this interval. [pic] Age No of people [pic]

Highlight problems and issues trade union face in the UK and recommend Essay

Highlight problems and issues trade union face in the UK and recommend practical solutionsto solve them - Essay Example Failure to come on an agreement on the negotiations made, the trade unions are entitled to strike. Capitalism is a form of governance where, the land, labor and other factors of production are privately owned states Clarke (1978). Trade unions can be defined from this perspective as the representatives of the employees’ terms of employment to employers and government from a given policy which is based on the person who privately owns the union. The trade unions here are not government controlled but privately controlled. Trade union from a radical perspective can be defines as the representation of employees from the industrial and commercial sectors only. These are the unions that only focus on the two business sectors but they are not necessarily privately owned. Marxism emphasises on the workers’ rights to enjoy the fruits of their labor. It thus defines trade unions as organs which represent work towards ceasing employees’ harassment at work place and ensuring they enjoy the benefits and results that come from their work. Lionel (1968) states that in the UK, most unions belong to the Trades Union Congress, which represents many unions, and hence has more power over issues effecting workers nationally. Therefore trade unions act as a voice for the employees and often take on the role of challenging and updating contracts and conditions for members and also protect the members from harassment and employment related legal issues. Rosen (1969) states the main sources of power of the trade unions as the government, employers, and employees. These are the key sources of trade unions as they are the determinants of the representatives in the trade unions and the legal issues that it should abide to. Stewart (1986) argues that if a union does not have a good collective bargaining style, then it will lose its members who are the employees. On the other hand, the employers and the

Business Activities, Employment and Inflation Term Paper

Business Activities, Employment and Inflation - Term Paper Example If the injections of an economy (J) are not equal to the withdrawals (W), then there is a clear disequilibrium in the economy. The only factors that bring this equilibrium back into line is the change in the national income (GDP) and the levels of employments (Sloman and Sutcliffe). To understand the above figure better, lets consider that the economy is faced with a state of equilibrium, i.e. the levels of withdrawals and the level of injections is the same. If there is an increase in the injections, and the firms aim at investing more into the company, then the aggregate demand, i.e. Cd will also be higher. Hence to meet up with this demand, the firms will also need to increase the labor and other resources which would in turn lead to higher levels of incomes for the households (Y) (Sloman and Sutcliffe). With an increase in the income of the households, there will be an increase in the expenses as well, which in turn will lead the firms to also sell higher. Higher sales will mean the firms need to produce higher which again would mean more labor, and other resources (Mankiw). This is a multiplied affect that will continue to go on within the economy. This effect is referred to as, ‘Multiplier Effect’ and is defined as, ‘an initial increase in aggregate demand of $Xm leads to an eventual rise in national income that is greater than $Xm’ (Sloman and Sutcliffe). This follows the principle of ‘Cumulative Causation’, which can be defined as, ‘An initial event can cause an ultimate effect which is much larger’ (Sloman and Sutcliffe).